Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)

Athletes who practice overhead sports, such as volleyball players, may present with altered mobility and flexibility of the glenohumeral (GH) joint on the dominant shoulder, resulting in significantly reduced internal rotation (IR) and increased external rotation (ER), classified as Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) (Rose et al., 2018; Keller et al., 2018; Baltaci et al., 2001…